The Impact of Stereotypes in Cross Cultural Communications between PMM and PNM Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61132/ijmeal.v2i3.392Keywords:
Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Awarness, Descriptive, PMM Program, SterotypeAbstract
This study aims to describe how stereotypes occur in cross-cultural communication between PMM and PNM students and to examine their impacts on students’ achievement and interaction. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires to capture both behavioral and perceptual aspects of communication. The findings reveal several key points. First, initial interactions shaped expectations and assumptions about each other’s behavior and culture. Second, stereotypes often caused miscommunication, misunderstandings, and confusion in interpreting messages. Third, they influenced group dynamics, including cooperation, participation, and conflict resolution. Fourth, students’ perceptions of identity, both personal and cultural, played a role in shaping their interactions. Fifth, the study identified both positive and negative impacts. Positive effects included enhanced Javanese language skills, increased cultural awareness, strengthened group identity, and cognitive shortcuts that facilitated understanding of others. Negative effects involved communication gaps, misinterpretation, discrimination, cultural barriers, and language difficulties. Overall, the study highlights that stereotypes in cross-cultural communication are a double-edged sword: while they can provide quick cognitive frameworks for understanding others, they can also impede effective communication and collaboration. These findings emphasize the importance of cultural sensitivity, awareness, and reflective practices in multicultural student interactions to maximize learning and minimize conflicts.
References
Abdurrahman Fatoni. (2014). Research methodology and thesis writing techniques. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Agusta, I. (2003). Qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. Pusat Penelitian Sosial-Ekonomi, Litbang Pertanian, Bogor, 27.
Arikunto, S. (2002). Research procedure: A practical approach (Revised ed. VI). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Barna, L. M. (1992). Stumbling blocks in intercultural communication. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. M. (1985). The psychology of intergroup attitudes and behaviour. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 219–243. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.36.020185.001251
Cai, D. A., & Rodriguez, J. I. (1996). Adjusting to cultural differences: The intercultural adaptation model. Intercultural Communication Studies, VI(2), 34.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1992). We are communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jandevi, U., & Zareen, M. (2020). Cross-cultural communication of the Indonesian students in China. International Journal of Communication and Society, 2(2), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.31763/ijcs.v2i2.96
Jandt, F. E. (2001). Intercultural communication (3rd ed.). California: Sage Publications.
Littrell, L. N., Salas, E., Hess, K. P., Paley, M., & Riedel, S. (2006). Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review, 5(3), 355–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484306290106
Maftuh, M. F. (2021). Cross-cultural understanding: A guide for EFL learners. Lamongan: CV Alma Pustaka.
Mardatila, A. (2021, September 9). Stereotype adalah ciri-ciri yang dikenakan pada sekelompok orang, ini penjelasannya. Merdeka. https://www.merdeka.com/sumut/stereotype-adalahciri-ciri-yang-dikenakan-pada-sekelompok-orangini-penjelasannya-kln.html?page=all
McConnell, A. R., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1994). Illusory correlation in the perception of groups: An extension of the distinctiveness-based account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.414
Ming, H. (2018). Cross-cultural differences and cultural stereotypes in tourism: Chinese tourists in Thailand. Journal of Hotel & Business Management, 1, 1–5.
Mukminatun, S. (2009). Developing cross-cultural understanding through sociolinguistic dissemination: A practice in multicultural education. In International Seminar: Multiculturalism and (Language and Art) Education: Unity and Harmony in Diversity (21–22 October 2009), Languages and Arts Faculty, Yogyakarta State University.
Murdianto. (2018). Stereotipe, prasangka dan resistensinya (Studi kasus pada etnis Madura dan Tionghoa di Indonesia). Qalamuna, 10(2), 141–142.
Nasution, S. (1996). Metode research. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Post, E. L. (1975). The new Emily Post's etiquette. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & Stefani, L. A. (1994). Communication between cultures (2nd ed.). Belmont, Albany: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Schneider, D. J. (2004). The psychology of stereotyping. New York: Guilford Press.
Sihabuddin, A. (2011). Komunikasi antar budaya: Satu perspektif multidimensi. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New York: Psychology Press.
Sugiyono. (2009). Quantitative, qualitative, and R&D research methods. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. (2016). Quantitative, qualitative, and R&D research methods. Bandung: PT Alfabet.
Ulber, S. (2009). Social research methods. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
William, D. S. (2007). Using information technology. Yogyakarta: Andi.
Zhang, X. (2013). Talking about cultural influence on table manners from intercultural adaptation: A case study of my Canadian friend's story. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 2(3), 156–161.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multilingual Education and Applied Linguistics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
